Rodrigo Duterte, the 79-year-old former Philippines president, faces charges for "the crime against humanity of murder", according to the International Criminal Court (ICC), for a crackdown that rights groups estimate killed tens of thousands of mostly poor men, often without proof they were linked to drugs.
"Early in the morning, Interpol Manila received the official copy of the warrant of the arrest from the ICC," the presidential palace said in a statement.
"As of now, he is under the custody of authorities."
Duterte demanded to know the basis of his arrest in a video posted to his youngest daughter Veronica's Instagram account following his detention.
"So what is the law and what is the crime that I committed? Show to me now the legal basis of my being here," he said in the video.
"I was brought here not of my own volition but somebody else's ... you have to answer now for the deprivation of liberty."
While no location was given for the video, a photo released by his political party said he was being held at the Villamor Air Base next to Manila airport.
Duterte's former chief legal counsel, Salvador Panelo, called the arrest "unlawful".
"The (Philippine National Police) didn't allow one of his lawyers to meet him at the airport and to question the legal basis for PRRD's arrest," he said.
Reactions from those who opposed to the drug war, however, were jubilant.
One group that worked to support mothers of those killed in the crackdown called the arrest a "very welcome development".
"The mothers whose husbands and children were killed because of the drug war are very happy because they have been waiting for this for a very long time," Rubilyn Litao, coordinator for Rise Up for Life and for Rights, told AFP.
"Now that Duterte has been arrested, (President) Ferdinand Marcos Jr. should make sure that he is actually delivered to the ICC for detention and trial," said Philippine rights alliance Karapatan, calling the arrest "long overdue".
Human Rights Watch also called on the government to "swiftly surrender (Duterte) to the ICC", saying the arrest was a "critical step for accountability in the Philippines".
China however warned the ICC against "politicisation" and "double standards" in the Duterte case and said it was "closely monitoring the development of the situation".
A winding path
Duterte's Tuesday morning arrest at Manila's international airport followed a brief trip to Hong Kong.
Speaking to thousands of overseas Filipino workers there Sunday, the former president decried the investigation, labelling ICC investigators "sons of whores" while saying he would "accept it" if an arrest were to be his fate.
The Philippines quit the ICC in 2019 on Duterte's instructions, but the tribunal maintained it had jurisdiction over killings before the pullout, as well as killings in the southern city of Davao when Duterte was mayor, years before he became president.
It launched a formal inquiry in September 2021, only to suspend it two months later after Manila said it was re-examining several hundred cases of drug operations that led to deaths at the hands of police, hitmen and vigilantes.
The case resumed in July 2023 after a five-judge panel rejected the Philippines' objection that the court lacked jurisdiction.
Since then, the Marcos government has on numerous instances said it would not cooperate with the investigation.
But Undersecretary of the Presidential Communications Office Claire Castro on Sunday said that if Interpol would "ask the necessary assistance from the government, it is obliged to follow".
Duterte is still hugely popular among many in the Philippines who supported his quick-fix solutions to crime, and he remains a potent political force.
He is running to reclaim his job as mayor of his stronghold Davao in May's mid-term election.
Charges have been filed locally in a handful of cases related to drug operations that led to deaths -- only nine police have been convicted for slaying alleged drug suspects.
A self-professed killer, Duterte instructed police to fatally shoot narcotics suspects if their lives were at risk and insisted the crackdown saved families and prevented the Philippines from turning into a "narco-politics state".
At the opening of a Philippine Senate probe into the drug war in October, Duterte said he offered "no apologies, no excuses" for his actions.
"I did what I had to do, and whether or not you believe it or not, I did it for my country," he said.
